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Participles

Present participles end in -ing.
Past participles usually end in -ed, although there are many irregular verbs.
Perfect participles are formed using having + past participle

Use Example
To follow prepositions and conjunctions
(present and perfect participles)		 By appearing in that cigarette advert, he damaged his acting career.
After playing / having played video games all morning, I was really tired.
To explain the reason for something
(present and perfect participles)		 Being quite good looking, Ralph decided to make a career as a model.
Having seen the film before, I knew what was going to happen.
To talk about actions happening at the same time
(present participles)		 Waiting for the show to begin, I felt really nervous. (present participles)
To replace some relative clauses
(present and past participles)		 Imagine being the person directing a big budget film! (= Imagine being the person who is directing a big bud get film!)
The person chosen for the part will be contacted by phone. (= The person who is chosen for the part will be contacted by phone.)
To talk about past actions happening in sequence
(perfect participles)		 Having finished my homework, I decided to go to the cinema.
As an alternative passive form
(past participles)		 Made to wait, the actor began to get very annoyed

Watch out!
You have to be careful that the participle and the rest of the sentence both refer to the same subject
✓ Watching TV, I saw a news report about Hollywood.
✘ Watching TV, a news report came on about Hollywood.

Form - Defining relative clauses Exercise - A


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