Luyện ngữ pháp - English Grammar in Use - Intermediate ( Appendix 6: Spelling))


6.
1

Nouns, verbs and adjectives can have the following endings:

noun + -s/-es (plural) books ideas matches
verb + -s/-es (after he/she/it) works enjoys washes
verb + -ing working enjoying washing
verb + -ed worked enjoyed washed
adjective + -er (comparative) cheaper quicker brighter
adjective + -est (superlative) cheapest quickest brightest
adjective + -ly (adverb) cheaply quickly brightly

When we use these endings, there are sometimes changes in spelling. These changes are listed below.
6.
2

Nouns and verbs + -s/-es

The ending is -es when the word ends in -s/-ss/-sh/-ch/-x:
bus/buses miss/misses wash/washes match/matches search/searches box/boxes

Note also:
potato/potatoes do/does tomato/tomatoes go/goes
6.
3

Words ending in -y (baby, carry, easy etc.)

If a word ends in a consonant* + y (-by/-ry/-sy/-vy etc.)

y changes to ie before the ending -s:
baby/babies story/stories country/countries secretary/secretaries hurry/hurries study/studies apply/applies try/tries

y changes to i before the ending -ed:
hurry/hurried study/studied apply/applied try/tried

y changes to i before the endings -er and -est:
easy/easier/easiest heavy/heavier/heaviest lucky/luckier/luckiest

y changes to i before the ending -ly:
easy/easily heavy/heavily temporary/temporarily

y does not change before -ing:
hurrying studying applying trying

y does not change if the word ends in a vowel* + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/-uy):
play/plays/played monkey/monkeys enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed buy/buys

An exception is: day/daily
Note also: pay/paid lay/laid say/said
6.
4

Verbs ending in -ie (die, lie, tie)

If a verb ends in -ie, ie changes to y before the ending -ing:
die/dying lie/lying tie/tying
6.
5

Words ending in -e (hope, dance, wide etc.)

Verbs
If a verb ends in -e, we leave out e before the ending -ing:
hope/hoping smile/smiling dance/dancing confuse/confusing

Exceptions are be/being
and verbs ending in -ee: see/seeing agree/agreeing

If a verb ends in -e, we add -d for the past (of regular verbs):
hope/hoped smile/smiled dance/danced confuse/confused

Adjectives and adverbs
If an adjective ends in -e, we add -r and -st for the comparative and superlative:
wide/wider/widest late/later/latest large/larger/largest

If an adjective ends in -e, we keep e before -ly in the adverb:
polite/politely extreme/extremely absolute/absolutely

If an adjective ends in -le (simple, terrible etc.), the adverb ending is -ply, -bly etc. :
simple/simply terrible/terribly reasonable/reasonably
6.
6

Doubling consonants (stop/stopping/stopped, wet/wetter/wettest etc.)

Sometimes a word ends in vowel + consonant. For example:
stop plan rub big wet thin prefer regret

Before the endings -ing/-ed/-er/-est, we double the consonant at the end. So p → pp, n → nn etc. For example:
stop p → pp stopping stopped
plan n → nn planning planned
rub b → bb rubbing rubbed
big g → gg bigger biggest
wet t → tt wetter wettest
thin n → nn thinner thinnest

If the word has more than one syllable (prefer, begin etc.), we double the consonant at the end only if the final syllable is stressed:
preFER / preferring / preferred reGRET / regretting / regretted perMIT / permitting / permitted beGIN / beginning

If the final syllable is not stressed, we do not double the final consonant:
VISit / visiting / visited deVELop / developing / developed HAPpen / happening / happened reMEMber / remembering / remembered

In British English, verbs ending in -l have -ll- before -ing and -ed whether the final syllable is stressed or not:
travel / travelling / travelled cancel / cancelling / cancelled

For American spelling, see Appendix 7.

Note that
we do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two consonants ( -rt, -lp, -ng etc.):
start / starting /started help / helping / helped long / longer / longest

we do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters before it (-oil, -eed etc.):
boil / boiling / boiled need / needing / needed explain / explaining / explained cheap / cheaper / cheapest loud / louder / loudest quiet / quieter / quietest

we do not double y or w at the end of words. (At the end of words y and w are not consonants.)
stay / staying / stayed grow / growing new / newer / newest


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